9 Recommended Practices for Grounding
Grounding and bonding are the basis upon which safety and power quality are built. The grounding system provides a low-impedance path for fault current and limits the voltage rise on… Read more
Mar 06, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Do Not Energize Oil-Filled Transformer Without Performing These 15 Tests and Checks!
The following tests and checks should be performed at a minimum to ensure that the transformer is ready to be energized. Do not energize the transformer without performing these tests… Read more
Feb 23, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Basic Transformer Routine Test – Measurement of Winding Resistances
The resistance between all pairs of phase terminals of each transformer winding are measured using direct current. Furthermore the corresponding winding temperature is measured. The measured resistances are needed in… Read more
Feb 20, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Smart Load Management Strategies To Save Energy
As part of their drive towards synchronizing the consumption and production of electrical energy over the long term, energy distribution companies tailor their rates to encourage consumers to reduce their… Read more
Feb 18, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Selection of high voltage conductors and earth wires
Conductors represent the most important component of an overhead power line because they have to ensure economical and reliable transmission and contribute considerably to the total line costs. For many… Read more
Feb 16, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
How can I select the right capacitors for my specific application needs?
Once you’ve decided that your facility can benefit from power factor correction, you’ll need to choose the optimum type, size, and number of capacitors for your plant. There are two… Read more
Feb 13, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Impedance Based Fault Location
As utilities today concentrate on continuity and reliability of their distribution networks, fault location has become an important supplementary function in modern IEDs. These fault location algorithms typically rely on… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Automatic Reclosing
Most overhead line faults are transient in nature, such as an insulator or a spark gap flashover or a temporary contact with foreign objects or animals. The majority of these… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Backup protection
According to the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary [8.13.5], backup protection is intended to operate when a power system fault is not cleared or an abnormal condition is not detected in the… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection of Synchronous Generators
Most power systems tolerate the disconnection of one generating unit, one power transformer, one power line or one busbar section without running into serious problems. A fault on adjacent power… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Motor Protection
Electric motors are exposed to many kinds of disturbances and stress. Part of the disturbances is due to imposed external conditions such as overvoltage and undervoltage, overfrequency and underfrequency, harmonics,… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks
Shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) are widely used in transmission and distribution networks to produce reactive power support. Located in relevant places such as in the vicinity of load centers the… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection of Meshed Networks
The structure of modern distribution and sub-transmission networks is developing toward meshed and looped configurations. At the same time, the demand for maintaining high reliability and safety in operation is… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection of HV Transformers
The transformer substations are important parts of a power system. Many utilities design their power systems so that they withstand the loss of a single transformer. In case of an… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi
MV Feeder Earth-fault Protection
This chapter contains a description of the earth-fault protection of MV feeders. A feeder may consist of: An overhead line with bare conductors, An overhead line with covered conductors, An… Read more
Feb 07, 2015 | By Edvard Csanyi