Power Substation
Animal deterrents and security in substation
The vast majority of electrical utility substations designed to transform transmission voltages to distribution class voltages employ an open-air design. The configurations may vary, but usually consist of equipment that… Read more
Sep 05, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Bus protection – Overcurrent differential
When selecting relays for bus protection, a major concern is the ability of the protective relaying scheme to restrain from tripping for close-in line faults. Tripping for bus faults, the… Read more
Aug 31, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Surge arrester types and auxiliary equipment
Nearly 100 years ago, electrode gaps (rod, sphere, or pipe) were used to limit overvoltages on equipment (Sakshaug, 1991). Some of these systems, particularly pipe gaps, may still be in… Read more
Aug 25, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
How to save electrical energy at home
In our home we use lot of electrical equipment like TV, Freeze, Washing machine, Mp3 player, music system, computer laptop. But we have not adequate knowledge for how to use… Read more
Aug 23, 2011 | By jiguparmar
High Voltage
Budgeting and Financing Substation
The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are commonplace projects in electric utilities. However, due to the complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the… Read more
Aug 16, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Applications and forms of differential relays
Differential relays take a variety of forms, depending on the equipment they protect. The definition of such a relay is “one that operates when the vector difference of two or… Read more
Aug 15, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Whole-House Protection Strategy
No single SPD (Surge Protection Strategy) can protect all the equipment in a residence from all causes of electrical surges. Instead, a whole-house protection strategy, consisting of point-of-entry and point-of-use… Read more
Aug 13, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Cooling and Ventilation of Electric Motors (IC)
All rotating electrical machines generate heat as a result of the electrical and mechanical losses inside the machine. Losses are high during starting or dynamic braking. Also, losses usually increase… Read more
Aug 08, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transformers
Life Cycle Cost of Transformers
To perform the economical analysis of transformer, it is necessary to calculate its life cycle cost, sometimes called total cost of ownership, over the life span of transformer or, in… Read more
Aug 06, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
How Stuxnet (PLC virus) spreads – Part 3
Continued from How Stuxnet (PLC virus) spreads – Part 2 » Read here Given the well-secured industrial control system described above, how could a worm like Stuxnet ever penetrate all the… Read more
Aug 03, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Resistive heating explained in details
Whenever an electric current flows through a material that has some resistance (i.e., anything but a superconductor), it creates heat. This resistive heating is the result of “friction,” as created… Read more
Jul 27, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Materials with magnetic properties
All materials have magnetic properties. These characteristic properties may be divided into five groups as follows: Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic Only ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials have properties which are… Read more
Jul 26, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Wind Power
Large and Small Wind Turbines are Different
Wind turbines are generally divided into two broad categories based on their rated capacity and their intended applications. Small wind turbines are typically less than 50 kW in size, but… Read more
Jun 29, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Biomass Energy
Typical applications of biomass
During Second World War the gasifiers were mainly employed for transportation purposes. However, in recent years the gasifiers have been employed mainly for stationary applications. For generating electricity, the producer… Read more
Jun 26, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Lighting
Technical analysis of LED light
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device which converts electricity into light. Each diode is about 1/4 inch in diameter and uses about ten milliamps to operate at… Read more
Jun 24, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
