Interlocking for 380kV GIS Substation: Insights into CB and isolator test and service positions
Interlocking systems are critical to the safe and efficient operation of high-voltage substations, ensuring proper sequencing of equipment operations and preventing dangerous scenarios such as simultaneous energization or grounding. This technical article delves into the intricacies of the 380kV interlocking…...
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Feb 03, 2025 | By Muhammad Kashif

Interlocking for 380kV GIS Substation: One-and-a-half breaker scheme analysis
This article delves into various aspects of the one-and-a-half breaker scheme applied to 380kV GIS switchgear, starting with its benefits and operational framework. It further examines the critical interlocking concepts, including open and closed positions, the “under operation” state (dangerous…...
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Jan 13, 2025 | By Muhammad Kashif

What is Interlocking in substations, and what is it for?
Interlocking in substations is a critical aspect of power system protection and control, designed to ensure the safe and efficient operation of substation equipment. The primary objective of interlocking is to prevent hazardous situations, such as energizing an earthed circuit…...
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Dec 16, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Voltage transformer selection scheme in complex substations
In substations, voltage transformers (VTs) are used extensively for energy metering, protection relay operations, and synchronization checks. Their design includes multiple cores, each dedicated to specific functions. For instance, a protection core, typically labeled 3P, offers acceptable accuracy for fault…...
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Dec 02, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Synchro Check Schemes: Key Techniques and Considerations for Power System Stability
In power systems, synchronization is a fundamental requirement for connecting two sources of electric power, such as a generator to a grid or between segments of the power network. Ensuring that these sources are aligned in frequency, phase sequence, and…...
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Nov 18, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Bringing new life to an old Air-Insulated Substation (AIS)
An increasing number of substations globally are aging, while the construction of new ones is hindered by competitive limitations, rigorous environmental rules, and community acceptance issues. Simultaneously, the demand for electricity is consistently escalating, resulting in increased short circuit levels… Read more
Nov 07, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi

Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations Part 1: Advice and Serious Warnings
In 2004, I embarked on an intensive nine-month training program in protection and instrumentation. This experience laid the foundation for my deep understanding of substation protection systems, combining both theoretical knowledge and practical application. The first protection scheme we delved…...
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Sep 09, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

The true art of control, monitoring and protection provided by Substation Automation Systems
The Substation Automation Systems, often known as SASs, are responsible for a tremendous variety of tasks. These include some extremely important actions, such as clearing faults in a timely manner in order to maintain the physical condition of power system… Read more
Jul 01, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi

Best practice in hard times: How to safeguard the hundreds and thousands of substations
Like it or not, hard times are in front of us, by all means. I won’t deal the hard times now, but instead, I’ll shortly say that it’s all about the energy resources and who owns them. It’s also not…...
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Jun 17, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi

ATS Schematics and Logic Analysis for a Substation 415V AC Auxiliary Supply Panel
In modern electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable and continuous supply of electricity is critical, particularly in facilities where downtime can result in significant operational disruptions and financial losses. Low voltage automatic transfer schemes at substations play a vital role…...
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Jun 03, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Substation Equipment Maintenance: Often Neglected Until Something Big Drops Dead
The aging process starts the moment new substation equipment is put into service; how quickly it happens depends on a number of factors, including the equipment’s use, the environment, the quality of maintenance, and many more. However, things aren’t the… Read more
May 13, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi

Intricacies of a breaker pole discrepancy and its implications for substation operation
This article delves into the realm of pole discrepancy in high voltage circuit breakers, shedding light on its mechanisms, applications, and the pivotal role it plays in enhancing system reliability. From understanding the choice between gang (three-pole) and independent (single-pole)…...
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Apr 08, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Circuit breaker schematics in a nutshell: Tripping, closing and blocking coil arrangements
This technical article embarks on a comprehensive exploration of various facets of circuit breaker technology, traversing from the fundamental principles of solenoid coils to the sophisticated mechanisms of SF6 density monitoring circuits. Delving into the intricacies of circuit breaker tripping…...
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Mar 25, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Want to learn to analyze electrical schematics? Great! But first, you must understand these.
This technical article delves into a diverse array of switches and components that are fundamental to the operation and control of electrical systems. Starting with the basics like TURN, PULL, and PUSH switches, we navigate through the intricacies of latching…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jan 15, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif

Twelve ultimate mistakes when selecting circuit protection for low-voltage equipment
To be honest, a circuit breaker is fairly simple device. However, the process of specifying circuit protection is often complicated and unclear, leading many engineers to either include insufficient or excessive protection in their equipment designs. Insufficiently protected circuits expose… Read more
Jan 08, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
