Installation Precautions for Substation Secondary Equipment
The design of the high-voltage substation must include consideration for the safe operation and maintenance of the secondary equipment. The substation secondary systems are those systems which provide the functionality necessary to ensure safety of personnel engaged in operation of…...
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Dec 29, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
The Art of Hunting the Faults in Power Systems
Hunting the power system faults is not easy, and it never was. There are dozens of puzzle pieces you must carefully put together and at the same time have advanced knowledge in power system protection as well as to have… Read more
Nov 10, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Rules of Thumb In Substation Control and Trip Circuit Design
What are the trip circuits, and what do they do? Well, trip circuits are a small part of the control circuitry that exists within a substation, which provides functionality for protection, control, metering, and monitoring. Reliable design of trip circuits… Read more
Oct 27, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Substation Safety and Switching Rules You MUST Follow
This technical article describes the safety rules the switching operator must comply with when undertaking switching, and providing access for others required to work on the electrical network. We’ll describe the critical matters relating to safe switching operations, it is…...
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Aug 25, 2025 | By Edvard Csanyi
Interlocking for 380kV GIS Substation: Insights into CB and isolator test and service positions
Interlocking systems are critical to the safe and efficient operation of high-voltage substations, ensuring proper sequencing of equipment operations and preventing dangerous scenarios such as simultaneous energization or grounding. This technical article delves into the intricacies of the 380kV interlocking…...
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Feb 03, 2025 | By Muhammad Kashif
Interlocking for 380kV GIS Substation: One-and-a-half breaker scheme analysis
This article delves into various aspects of the one-and-a-half breaker scheme applied to 380kV GIS switchgear, starting with its benefits and operational framework. It further examines the critical interlocking concepts, including open and closed positions, the “under operation” state (dangerous…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jan 13, 2025 | By Muhammad Kashif
What is Interlocking in substations, and what is it for?
Interlocking in substations is a critical aspect of power system protection and control, designed to ensure the safe and efficient operation of substation equipment. The primary objective of interlocking is to prevent hazardous situations, such as energizing an earthed circuit…...
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Dec 16, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
Voltage transformer selection scheme in complex substations
In substations, voltage transformers (VTs) are used extensively for energy metering, protection relay operations, and synchronization checks. Their design includes multiple cores, each dedicated to specific functions. For instance, a protection core, typically labeled 3P, offers acceptable accuracy for fault…...
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Dec 02, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
Synchro Check Schemes: Key Techniques and Considerations for Power System Stability
In power systems, synchronization is a fundamental requirement for connecting two sources of electric power, such as a generator to a grid or between segments of the power network. Ensuring that these sources are aligned in frequency, phase sequence, and…...
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Nov 18, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
Bringing new life to an old Air-Insulated Substation (AIS)
An increasing number of substations globally are aging, while the construction of new ones is hindered by competitive limitations, rigorous environmental rules, and community acceptance issues. Simultaneously, the demand for electricity is consistently escalating, resulting in increased short circuit levels… Read more
Nov 07, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
Mastering Distance Protection and Calculations: Advice and Serious Warnings
In 2004, I embarked on an intensive nine-month training program in protection and instrumentation. This experience laid the foundation for my deep understanding of substation protection systems, combining both theoretical knowledge and practical application. The first protection scheme we delved…...
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Sep 09, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
The true art of control, monitoring and protection provided by Substation Automation Systems
The Substation Automation Systems, often known as SASs, are responsible for a tremendous variety of tasks. These include some extremely important actions, such as clearing faults in a timely manner in order to maintain the physical condition of power system… Read more
Jul 01, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
Best practice in hard times: How to safeguard the hundreds and thousands of substations
Like it or not, hard times are in front of us, by all means. I won’t deal the hard times now, but instead, I’ll shortly say that it’s all about the energy resources and who owns them. It’s also not…...
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Jun 17, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
ATS Schematics and Logic Analysis for a Substation 415V AC Auxiliary Supply Panel
In modern electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable and continuous supply of electricity is critical, particularly in facilities where downtime can result in significant operational disruptions and financial losses. Low voltage automatic transfer schemes at substations play a vital role…...
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This content is not available in your premium membership plan. Please upgrade your plan in order to access this content. You can choose an annually based Basic, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan. Subscribe and enjoy studying specialized technical articles, online video courses, electrical engineering guides, and papers.With EEP's premium membership, you get additional essence that enhances your knowledge and experience in low- medium- and high-voltage engineering fields.
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Jun 03, 2024 | By Muhammad Kashif
Substation Equipment Maintenance: Often Neglected Until Something Big Drops Dead
The aging process starts the moment new substation equipment is put into service; how quickly it happens depends on a number of factors, including the equipment’s use, the environment, the quality of maintenance, and many more. However, things aren’t the… Read more
May 13, 2024 | By Edvard Csanyi
