The basic protection schemes for 4 typical transformer types in power system

The degree of transformer protection provided depends to a great extent upon the size and functional importance of the unit. A further important factor is the economic aspect. The cost… Read more

May 13, 2019 | Protection

3 most important routine tests for successful verification of a low voltage switchgear

Individual tests or routine verifications are intended to check the essential safety aspects of LV assemblies that could be affected by hazards during mounting or possible manufacturing faults. In principle,… Read more

May 08, 2019 | Low Voltage

Theorems and network reductions that every electrical engineer MUST know

Most practical power system problems are solved by using steady state analytical methods. These methods make the assumption that circuit parameters are linear, bilateral, and constant for constant frequency circuit… Read more

May 06, 2019 | Electrical Lectures

How to make calculation for a distribution substation 10/0.4 kV, 2×1600 kVA

Distribution substations with installed power of 2×1600 kVA are typical example of electrical power supply facilities which can be often seen all around the Europe and wider. By “calculation” of such a substation, it is assumed that...

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May 02, 2019 | Low Voltage ♛

The concept of redundancy in the power circuits

Generally speaking, distribution substations should be designed with redundancy allowing a portion of feeders to remain energized if any major component fails or is taken out of service for maintenance…. Read more

May 01, 2019 | Power Substation

Internal electrical systems within nuclear power plant stations (power sources)

Electrical systems within a nuclear power plant (NPP) deserve significant design considerations. The availability of on-site as well as off-site power plays a crucial role in nuclear power plant safety… Read more

Apr 29, 2019 | Energy Generation

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can corrctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at…...

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Apr 25, 2019 | High Voltage ♛

Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of cities

The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form… Read more

Apr 24, 2019 | Power Substation

Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection

This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the… Read more

Apr 22, 2019 | Protection

Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)

This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines (feeders),… Read more

Apr 17, 2019 | Electrical Lectures