Cables
Partial Discharge Testing On Power Cable Systems
Partial discharge measurement is an important method of assessing the quality of the insulation of power cable systems, particularly for extruded insulation materials. This article considers partial discharge from two points of view: the measurement of all partial discharges occurring… Read more
Nov 18, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
North American versus European distribution systems
Distribution systems around the world have evolved into different forms. The two main designs are North American and European. For both forms, hardware is much the same: conductors, cables, insulators, surge arresters, regulators, and transformers are very similar. Both systems… Read more
Nov 17, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
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What Standards To Use For Transformer Oil Testing?
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) has developed the standards for oil testing. The following tests we recommended for a complete analysis of a transformer’s oil: The dielectric breakdown is an indication of the oil’s ability to withstand electrical…...
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Nov 15, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Energy Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Utilization Factor, and Load Factor
This technical article duscusses the five most important factors that are employed in the energy management: Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Load Factor, Utilization Factor, and Coincidence Factor. The management of energy demand requires the efficient utilization of energy resources, the… Read more
Nov 14, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Energy and Power
Moving Iron Instruments – Voltmeter and Ammeter
Moving-iron instruments are generally used to measure alternating voltages and currents. In moving-iron instruments the movable system consists of one or more pieces of specially-shaped soft iron, which are so pivoted as to be acted upon by the magnetic field… Read more
Nov 13, 2011 | By Bipul Raman
High Voltage
High-voltage transmission lines and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
The corona discharge produces radio noise and in lesser extent television ( TV ) disturbances around high-voltage transmission lines. This can be easily observed by all of us when we drive under a high-voltage line. The radio produces hissing, crackling… Read more
Nov 12, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Installation of Distribution-to-Utilization Voltage Transformers
Aerial transformer installations may utilize a three-phase unit or banked single-phase units. Transformers, either singly or in banks, having an individual unit or combined capacity greater than 300 kVA will not be mounted on single wood poles. Special structural considerations… Read more
Nov 11, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Medium voltage circuit breaker operating sequence
Rated switching sequence according to IEC, O – t – CO – t’ – CO. (cf. opposite diagram): O – Represents opening operation CO – Represents closing operation followed immediately by an opening operation Slow: O – 3 min –… Read more
Nov 10, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transformers
Sources of Sound in Transformers
Unlike cooling-fan or pump noise, the sound radiated from a transformer is tonal in nature, consisting of even harmonics of the power frequency. It is generally recognized that the predominant source of transformer noise is the core. The low frequency,… Read more
Nov 09, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Working Principle of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) and Residual Current Device (RCD)
The operation of an earth leakage circuit breaker (or shorten ELCB) is based on the fact that the algebraic sum of the currents in any healthy single phase, three phase and three phase and neutral system is zero. This simply… Read more
Nov 07, 2011 | By Jignesh Parmar
Electric Motor
DC motor and generator – design, application and operation
History will recognize the vital role played by DC motors in the development of industrial power transmission systems, the dc machine being the first practical device to convert electrical power into mechanical power. Inherently straight forward operating characteristics, flexible performance… Read more
Nov 06, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Biomass Energy
Biodiesel – Myths and Facts
Few facts you most probably know already, but never the less to mention: A clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources such as plant oils, animal fats, used cooking oil and even new sources such as algae. Contains… Read more
Nov 05, 2011 | By Bipul Raman
Lighting
Basic parameters used in lighting you should know
Abbreviation: φ phi Unit: lm lumen The luminous flux describes the quantity of light emitted by a light source. The luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux to the electrical power consumed (lm/W). It is a measure of… Read more
Nov 03, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Transformer Winding Faults
A fault on a transformer winding is controlled in magnitude by the following factors: Source impedance Neutral earthing impedance Transformer leakage reactance Fault voltage Winding connection Several distinct cases arise and are examined below. The winding earth fault current depends… Read more
Nov 02, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
Maintenance
Retro perspective 30 years ago: Metal-Clad or Metal-Enclosed MV Switchgear? What to choose?
There are two types of switchgear commonly applied today for switching and protection of in-plant medium voltage (4.16 kV through 34.5 kV) power distribution systems. One is metal-clad switchgear using draw-out air-magnetic or vacuum circuit breakers and relays for both load… Read more
Oct 31, 2011 | By Edvard Csanyi
