Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for 1000kV and above

Ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can corrctly work only if all its internal components are properly assembled and the metal enclosure is filled with SF6 gas at…...

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Apr 25, 2019 | High Voltage ♛

Spot network systems for distribution of electric power in downtown areas of cities

The AC secondary network system is the system that has been used for many years to distribute electric power in the high-density, downtown areas of cities, usually in the form… Read more

Apr 24, 2019 | Power Substation

Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection

This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the… Read more

Apr 22, 2019 | Protection

Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)

This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines (feeders),… Read more

Apr 17, 2019 | Electrical Lectures

Learn HV substation elements (graphic symbols, basics & connection schemes)

High voltage substations are pretty complex to understand since they have a way too many elements and each element is complex for itself and it depends on many system parameters… Read more

Apr 15, 2019 | Electrical Lectures

Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams

Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of…...

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Apr 12, 2019 | Low Voltage ♛

Properly engineered and installed selective coordination between LV circuit breakers

It’s extremely important to work on selective coordination of circuit breakers in the design phase of a system. After switchboards, distribution panels, MCCs, lighting switchboards, etc. are installed, there typically… Read more

Apr 10, 2019 | Energy and Power

Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves

Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults… Read more

Apr 08, 2019 | Power Substation

7 routine tests for a dry-type transformer you should perform during commissioning

This technical article briefly describes seven very important tests you should perform during commissioning of a dry-type transformer. Usually tests are performed in the factory where transformers are produced. The… Read more

Apr 03, 2019 | Testing and Commissioning

Electrical design of healthcare facilities (essential system requirements)

Due to the critical nature of the care being provided at healthcare facilities and their increasing dependence on electrical equipment for preservation of life, they have special requirements for the… Read more

Apr 01, 2019 | Energy and Power