Understanding Substation Single Line Diagrams and IEC 61850 Process Bus (Depicting Relay Circuits)

The single line diagram (SLD) is the most basic of the set of diagrams that are used to document the electrical functionality of the substation. Its emphasis is on communicating… Read more

Mar 14, 2018 | Power Substation

Reading and Understanding AC and DC Schematics In Protection And Control Relaying

This technical article explains the AC/DC schematic representation of the protection and control systems used on power networks. This includes AC schematics and DC schematics and diagrams that prominently feature… Read more

Mar 12, 2018 | Power Substation

Why does generator-current breaking differ from other switching devices in T&D systems

There are few switching situations that differ from the duties standardized for switching devices in transmission and distribution systems. One of these special situations are generator-current breaking. Generator circuit-breakers are…...

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Mar 09, 2018 | Premium Content ♛

Have you experienced an incorrectly specified CT that can’t be manufactured?

When a CT manufacturer says that he is unable to manufacture the requested CT, nine times out of ten this is because the CT has been incorrectly specified. To eliminate… Read more

Mar 07, 2018 | Energy and Power

Achieving Relay Coordination and Selective Short Circuit Protection In Transmission Networks

The selected protection principle affects the operating speed of the protection, which has a significant impact on the harm caused by short circuits. The faster the protection operates, the smaller… Read more

Mar 05, 2018 | Protection

Step-by-step tutorial for building capacitor bank and reactive power compensation panel

Design of reactive power compensation panel is much different and not that simple like standard distribution panel. When dealing with such panels, there are dozen of parameters to specify and… Read more

Feb 28, 2018 | Energy and Power

Measurements and Calculations Of Earth Electrode Systems (BS 7430)

System earthing involves the provision of a connection to the general mass of earth. This connection should have a resistance not greater than that required to operate safety mechanisms to… Read more

Feb 26, 2018 | Energy and Power

Meet the Real Heart of Power System Operations – The Transmission Control Center

Transmission control center is the real heart of every utility’s power system operations. Typical transmission control centers have three main desks – the generation, transmission and scheduling desk. Let’s take…...

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Feb 23, 2018 | Premium Content ♛

Losses in the power transmission system and short, medium and long line model analysis

Like all other power system systems, no matter how carefully the system is designed, losses are present and must be modeled before an accurate representation of the system response can… Read more

Feb 21, 2018 | Transformers

Essential considerations on the neutral and protective conductor in LV power system

The neutral conductor is a live conductor that is connected to the neutral point of the system and is able to contribute to the transmission of electric power. The neutral… Read more

Feb 19, 2018 | Energy and Power

AC Auxiliary Systems In Power Substations (Design Requirements and Equipment)

Substation AC auxiliary systems are typically used to supply loads such as transformer cooling, oil pumps, and load tap changers, circuit breaker air compressors and charging motors, outdoor device heaters,… Read more

Feb 14, 2018 | Power Substation

Earth Fault Protection On Insulated Networks and Petersen Coil Earthed Networks

There are situations when power system is run completely insulated from earth. The advantage of this is that a single phase-earth fault on the system does not cause any earth… Read more

Feb 12, 2018 | Energy and Power

5 Telecommunication Systems Embbeded In Smart Grid Applications and Services

Power utilities use telecommunication systems either as a support for grid assets’ operation or as the enabler for voice communications among operating staff. The main objective of utility telecommunications is…...

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Feb 09, 2018 | Premium Content ♛

The Essentials Of Numerical Relays, Their Features And Important Considerations

The distinction between digital and numerical relays is particular to Protection. Numerical relays are natural developments of digital relays due to advances in technology. They use one or more digital… Read more

Feb 07, 2018 | Protection

Four Special Differential Protections And Their Respective CT Requirements

Although the manufacturers of relays dedicated to differential protection impose the necessary CT secondary characteristics required for proper operation, it is useful, for understanding and avoiding errors, to possess minimum… Read more

Feb 05, 2018 | Energy and Power