The art of determining the right cross-section of low voltage conductors
To be clear at the beginning of this article, determining the cross-section of conductors and cables is, for sure, not the most exciting part of electrical design. There are much more challenging and more exciting parts than staring at endless… Read more
Mar 16, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Learn how to interpret interlocking schemes between MV cubicles (single line and wiring diagrams)
There are numerous variations of MV switchgear topology, measurement, and control logic. However, there are also some basic rules related to these aspects which may be frequently seen in practice, with the purpose of increased safety and reliability during operation…....
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Mar 12, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Best relay protection practices applied to shunt reactors, capacitors, SVCs and STATCOMs
This technical article explains the protection practices applied to shunt reactors and capacitors as well as to static var compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs). Dry-type and oil-immersed reactors usually use overcurrent, negative sequence, percentage differential, or impedance relays depending… Read more
Mar 11, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

What are the primary substation feeders? How to analyze their arrangements?
A feeder carries energy to a substation or bus or to several loads. The several substation feeder arrangements are discussed in this technical article. Feeder may connect two substation buses in parallel to provide stiffness or service continuity for the… Read more
Mar 09, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

An overview of transformer connections and diagrams in the electric power system
Power transformers are used extensively by traditional electric utility companies, power plants, and industrial plants. This technical article summarizes the basic types, connections, and diagrams of transformers needed for analyzing the electrical transmission and distribution systems. Analyzing electric power systems,…...
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Mar 05, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Five actions to achieve excellent energy savings in old electrical installations
Not all existing electrical installations lack energy efficiency, but most of them do. Especially if they were built 15-20 years ago and older. Although it is generally acknowledged that substantial energy savings are possible in most existing installations, the process… Read more
Mar 04, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Primary substations and bus layouts in the distribution system of an industrial plant
The primary distribution system of an industrial plant is generally the higher voltage portion of the system, starting with the purchased-power service and including generators, switching equipment, circuits, and all transformers with secondary voltages higher than 600 V. This technical… Read more
Mar 02, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

When can we say that earthing arrangement is safe for people (confusions in practice)
This article will analyse some of the most important safety issues related to design and use of LV electrical installations. Besides explanation of relevant terms in this field defined by IEC standards, some misinterpretations and confusions which may be seen…...
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Feb 28, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Design tips for medium voltage systems and switchgear in power substations
Medium voltage networks are networks with rated voltages of over 1kV and up to 36kV. Medium voltage switchgear is used in transformer substations and switching substations, and in secondary unit substations and customer substations (in public utility networks only). This… Read more
Feb 26, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

The art of designing the auxiliary system of a power plant
Power plant auxiliary system is usually pretty complicated and consists of dozen of motors, transformers, capacitor banks, variable frequency drives, PLCs, and other electrical devices. Therefore, protection relaying cannot be simple, and it requires special attention for each component of… Read more
Feb 24, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Controlling power system parameters through reactive power (VAr) compensation
To be honest, transmission and distribution networks are full of problems. But that’s nothing new, and you already knew that. This technical article will shed some light on solving some pretty severe problems in transmission and distribution networks by using… Read more
Feb 17, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Design and control considerations for an example of the waste water pumping station
Wastewater pumping stations are very common application examples of three-phase induction motors. There are numerous varieties of power supply and control logic, depending on exact conditions in the place of installation, the role of the pumping station inside a sewer…...
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Feb 14, 2020 | By Miodrag Kokotovic

Inevitable in almost all electrical switchboards – Residual current device (RCD)
Technology that RCD uses is so simple and so magical. The residual current device continually measures the difference between the value of the outgoing and incoming currents in the circuit it is protecting. If this difference is not equal to… Read more
Feb 12, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

The art of transformer maintenance, inspection and repair (recommended practices)
The primary purpose of transformer maintenance is to ensure the internal and external parts of the transformer and accessories are kept in good condition and “fit for purpose” and able to operate safely at all times. A secondary and equally… Read more
Feb 10, 2020 | By Edvard Csanyi

Lessons I learned during installation and wiring of LV switchboard
Let’s start with some basic definitions from the United States National Electrical Code (NEC). Low voltage switchboard is generally defined as a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted on the face, back, or both,…...
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Feb 05, 2020 | By Amar M
