Generator synchronizing check protective function (ANSI 25 code)

One of the easiest way to damage a generator is to synchronize or parallel out of phase with the electrical system. Out-of-phase synchronizing operations can damage or reduce the remaining… Read more

Mar 22, 2017 | Protection

Installation, protection and connection of capacitor banks

In an low voltage electrical installation, capacitor banks can be installed at three different levels: Global installation Segment (or group) installation Individual (or single) installation After installation ways, we’ll discuss about… Read more

Mar 20, 2017 | Energy and Power

What is the complex power and how it figures in power analysis

Considerable effort has been expended over the years to express power relations as simply as possible. Power engineers have coined the term complex power, which they use to find the… Read more

Mar 17, 2017 | Electrical Lectures

PLC power supply and safety (emergency) circuits requirements

The source for a PLC power supply is generally single-phase and 120 or 240 VAC. If the controller is installed in an enclosure, the two power leads (L1 hot and… Read more

Mar 15, 2017 | Industrial Automation

Why overmotoring an application is not such a good idea

In many instances, the practice has been to overmotor an application, i.e., to select a higher-horsepower motor than necessary. The disadvantages of this practice are: Lower efficiency Lower power factor… Read more

Mar 13, 2017 | Electric Motor

3 performance factors you must consider when sizing batteries

Batteries need to be sized correctly to be able to feed the required load for the required time, and a number of factors need to be decided to be able… Read more

Mar 10, 2017 | Energy and Power

Never underestimate electrostatic discharge (ESD) while working with data networking equipment

Let’s start with basics you probably already know, but nevertheless. It’s important to explain the basics first. Electrostatic Discharge (or ESD) refers to the transfer of electrostatic charge between bodies… Read more

Mar 08, 2017 | Datacenters

The essentials of synchronous machines in power distribution networks

Synchronous machines can be used as generators or motors. They are of 3-phase construction, even though some special exceptions can be found. A bulk of the applications are within power… Read more

Mar 06, 2017 | Electric Motor

Voltage drop calculation methods with examples explained in details

The first consideration for voltage drop is that under the steady-state conditions of normal load, the voltage at the utilization equipment must be adequate. In addition to steady-state conditions, voltage… Read more

Mar 03, 2017 | Energy and Power

Performing power factor test on dry-type transformer during commissioning

The power factor test is a maintenance test used to determine the insulation system dielectric power loss by measuring the power angle between an applied AC voltage and the resultant… Read more

Mar 01, 2017 | Maintenance

Basic electrical design of a PLC panel (Wiring diagrams)

It is uncommon for engineers to build their own PLC panel designs (but not impossible of course). For example, once the electrical designs are complete, they must be built by… Read more

Feb 27, 2017 | Electric Motor

Measurement of N–PE loop resistance in TN, TT and IT systems

Up-to-date test instruments, with built in modern electronics, can measure loop resistance even between the neutral N and protection PE conductors in spite of possible high currents in the neutral… Read more

Feb 24, 2017 | Low Voltage

Do you know what ground potential rise is? It’s really important.

First of all, ground potential rise is very important and very dangerous event. The grounding engineer will be required to develop safety systems to protect any personnel working where ground… Read more

Feb 22, 2017 | Energy and Power

Guidelines for high potential (Hi-Pot) DC testing of medium voltage cables

This technical article provides general guidelines for high potential “Hi-Pot” DC testing of MV power cables. All tests made following cable installation and during the warranty period must be performed… Read more

Feb 20, 2017 | Cables

5 good examples of locking out HV/MV/LV structures and equipment

In all cases the choice of locks and safety positions requires prior analysis of the locking sequence to be applied in order to correctly define the requirement and clearly identify… Read more

Feb 17, 2017 | Energy and Power