Energy and Power
MV/LV transformers – The most common power supply in low voltage networks
The general term power supply in LV networks refers to the supply of electrical energy. The power supply, and more generally the different supplies, are provided by sources (mains supply, batteries, generator sets, etc.) which can be MV/LV transformers, diesel… Read more
Jun 24, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Fuses as the oldest and simplest method of protecting rural distribution systems
Fuses are the oldest and simplest methods of protecting rural networks. There is no method as simple as fuses, but don’t be tricked, modern fuses are very reliable devices. All they need is a good discrimination achieved to be almost… Read more
Jun 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Using earth & phase directional protection where power flow direction might change
Directional protection relay is often used in all network parts in which the direction of flow of power might change, notably in the instance of a short circuit between phases or of an earthing fault (single phase fault). Directional protection… Read more
Jun 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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The most important precautions during commissioning and start up of LV switchgear
Low voltage switchgear can often be a very complex and expensive piece of electrical equipment, usually representing one of the most critical and crucial parts of the project. In order to ensure that such important equipment is designed and will…...
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Jun 13, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy Generation
Typical electrical distribution scheme and SCADA system of an oil/gas production plant
Power can be provided from mains power or from local gas turbines or diesel generator sets. Large facilities have high power demands, from 30 MW and upwards to several hundred MW. There is a tendency to generate electric power centrally… Read more
Jun 12, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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Major components you can spot while looking at opened LV and MV switchboards
Depending on the size of the building or factory site and whether the supply is high voltage or low voltage, there may be requirements for both a main high voltage switchboard and one or more low voltage switchboards or just…...
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Jun 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Fire behaviour and construction safety precautions for installation of cables and conductors
Although the type of cable and conductor is the determining factor in the fire behaviour of ducts and conduits, the choice of cable tray type and the installation of the latter in line with installation precautions are just as crucial…. Read more
Jun 05, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
What is the unit protection and why it’s widely used in transmission networks
The whole power system must be protected. This is achieved by dividing it into overlapping zones. If a fault occurs in a particular zone, only the protection system covering that zone should operate. Those systems relating to other zones should… Read more
Jun 03, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
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Eight common mistakes in reading and creating single line and wiring diagrams
In order to create a consistent and technically correct single line or wiring diagram, more than basic knowledge about the engineering field in question is required. Besides electrical installation and equipment, the design engineers should be familiar with electrical symbols…...
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May 30, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Power Substation
Integration of IEC 61850 in power plant automation, control, and protection systems
IEC 61850 is much more than a protocol. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in a substation. Its main goal is interoperability and this is the ability for IEDs… Read more
May 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Solving the architectural and reliability puzzle of a protection and control system
This technical article discusses some of the basics of protection and control as successfully used for decades. Majority of these general requirements will have to be retained by new communication-based solutions. It is important to distinguish between the key need,… Read more
May 27, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The theory behind reactive energy compensation that every engineer should know
Reactive energy compensation is an essential process in improving energy efficiency. It reduces the power consumption and thus its cost, enables optimum use of installations by preventing them being oversized, and more generally it improves the quality of energy systems…. Read more
May 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Six tools you MUST learn before programming numerical protection relays for real
Developing basic setting specifications for numerical relays is a boring process for most electrical engineers, but not for the protection engineers! It requires significant input data but, for the most part, is exciting and relatively straightforward. A basic understanding of…...
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May 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Premium Content
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The case of phase-to-phase fault in a 13.8 kV switchgear caused by heavy rain
In this case study we describe a 13.8 kV switchgear phase-to-phase fault due to by heavy rain evolving into a three-phase fault that was cleared by transformer numerical relays. The generator was out of service and the fault was fed…...
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May 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The essentials of radial distribution system and its subtransmission circuits
Electric distribution system is all of that part of an electric power system between the bulk power source or sources and the consumers’ service switches. The bulk power sources are located in or near the load area to be served… Read more
May 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
