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Case study: Failure of a transformer & switchgear buses due to a ferroresonance event
First of all, it’s good to know that the possibility of a transformer ferroresonance condition rapidly increases as the transformer is closer to generator zone. This condition may occur when the generator is disconnected, leaving the unit transformer delta winding…...
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Aug 23, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
What do you need for short-circuit calculations? The less you assume, the better!
If you ask any electrical design engineer what is the most time consuming and critical required in short circuit analysis, he/she would say that it’s obtaining available data. The less data that is assumed, the better and more accurate the… Read more
Aug 21, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Six beautiful animals that cause interruptions and hazards to electric utilities
Animals are one the largest causes of customer interruptions for nearly every electric utility worldwide, right after human and other factors. Problems and mitigation techniques are as varied as the animals involved. Identifying and addressing physical root causes is often…...
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Aug 19, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Practical modifications of MV/LV radial distribution systems applied in buildings
This technical article covers low voltage and medium radial distribution systems with their practical modifications: loop-primary system – radial secondary, primary selective system – secondary radial and two-source primary – secondary selective system. This discussion covers the last three modifications… Read more
Aug 14, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
The most common MV/LV radial distribution systems applied in buildings
In many cases, power is supplied by the power utility to a building at the utilization voltage. In these cases, the distribution of power within the building is achieved through the use of a simple radial distribution system. In cases… Read more
Aug 12, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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Top five software types that LV design engineers MUST know how to work with
Back in the early days, engineers weren’t able to use software tools for the purpose of drawing, calculation, and design. So, how did they do it? Prior to the software era, drawings were made manually, using ink and paper, while…...
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Aug 08, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Maintenance
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Maintenance and troubleshooting guidelines for a typical high voltage switchgear
Like any other major component of the high voltage electrical network, a switchgear also needs maintenance schedules for trouble-free operation during its life cycle. No one should work on the system itself or on any plant controlled by it, without…...
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Aug 07, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
MV distribution system design based on metal-clad drawout switchgear
Nowadays, system design engineers have a choice of many types of systems that may be used for a particular application. This discussion covers medium voltage distribution systems and their practical modifications. But first we will explain the basic primary /… Read more
Aug 05, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
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How not to select the wrong generator set (genset) for your application
Generator set is maybe the most expensive part you can find in a substation. Therefore, many factors must be considered when determining the proper size or electrical rating of an electrical power generator set. If wrong size or rate is…...
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Jul 31, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The essentials of designing MV/LV single line diagrams (symbols & drawings analysis)
First of all, power system designers should always communicate their design requirements through a combination of drawings, schedules and technical specifications. One of the key tools in developing and documenting an electrical power system is the Single Line Diagram (shortened… Read more
Jul 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Medium Voltage
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Learn how to analyse and check wiring diagrams of a medium voltage switchgear
As already written earlier regarding the LV switchboard, wiring diagrams are used to show the control and signalization principle of operation inside the switchboard. Usually, they are given in form of electrical circuits between two lines which are representing control…...
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Jul 25, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Protection
Practical implementation of the six most common transformer protection principles
This technical article relies on the previously published article (6 alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously), but is much more dedicated to the implementation of relay protection principles. You know that transformer is one of… Read more
Jul 24, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Six alarms coming from a substation transformer you MUST take very seriously
Transformers are the most expensive piece of apparatus in a power substation and therefore must have appropriate protection equipment installed to guard against various faults. This technical article explains a few internal transformer faults that make an alarm in a…...
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Jul 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Example of 33/11 kV substation on-site assessment report
This technical article presents the shorten version of the report of an on-site assessment at the 33/11 kV Shatt Al Arab substation built in Iraq back in 2005. The assessment covered all work completed at that time, so it wasn’t… Read more
Jul 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
Critical aspects of a distance non-unit relay protection (you should understand)
Non-unit protection consists of circuits that measure and compare the voltages and currents at the relaying point. It is able to determine the location of the fault from these values. It generally only responds to faults in one direction. Non-unit… Read more
Jul 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
