Protection
Three good examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection
This technical article provides three examples of the application of modern relays to transformer protection. As there are many modern protection relays nowadays that provide advanced software to simplify the calculations, in this article we will use earlier Alstom type… Read more
Apr 22, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Single line diagrams of substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV (reading & analysis)
This technical article describes single line diagrams of two typical power substations 66/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV and their power flow, principles of incoming lines (incomers) and outgoing lines (feeders), busbar arrangement functionality and so on. Regarding elements in single-line… Read more
Apr 17, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
Learn HV substation elements (graphic symbols, basics & connection schemes)
High voltage substations are pretty complex to understand since they have a way too many elements and each element is complex for itself and it depends on many system parameters and other elements. This technical article will shed some light… Read more
Apr 15, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Low Voltage
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Learn to read and understand single line diagrams and wiring diagrams
Single line diagrams are used in common engineering practice as graphical representation of electrical switchboard or assembly containing more sections, i.e. cubicles. Basically, they are simplified and digest picture of whole switchboard, showing only major power equipment and connections to…...
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Apr 12, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Energy and Power
Properly engineered and installed selective coordination between LV circuit breakers
It’s extremely important to work on selective coordination of circuit breakers in the design phase of a system. After switchboards, distribution panels, MCCs, lighting switchboards, etc. are installed, there typically is little that can be done to retroactively “fix” a… Read more
Apr 10, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Minimizing failure impact in distribution systems by allowing faults to clear themselves
Distribution systems are basically insecure – failure of a major component always leads to customer interruptions. So, what can be done? Reliable distribution systems minimize this impact by allowing faults to clear themselves, by minimizing the number of customers affected… Read more
Apr 08, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Testing and Commissioning
7 routine tests for a dry-type transformer you should perform during commissioning
This technical article briefly describes seven very important tests you should perform during commissioning of a dry-type transformer. Usually tests are performed in the factory where transformers are produced. The following routine tests must be carried out on all dry-type… Read more
Apr 03, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Electrical design of healthcare facilities (essential system requirements)
Due to the critical nature of the care being provided at healthcare facilities and their increasing dependence on electrical equipment for preservation of life, they have special requirements for the design of their electrical distribution systems. Healthcare facilities are defined… Read more
Apr 01, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Practical steps in the design of a substation grounding
Grounding at power substations is extremely important. The grounding system provides the ground connection for the grounded neutral for transformers, reactors, and capacitors and also the discharge path for lightning rods, arresters, gaps, and similar devices. It ensures safety to…...
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Mar 29, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Testing and Commissioning
Transformer no-load loss and excitation-current measurements
A transformer dissipates a constant no-load loss as long as it is energized at constant voltage, 24 h a day, for all conditions of loading. This power loss represents a cost to the user during the lifetime of the transformer…. Read more
Mar 27, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
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Remote control systems and communication devices in secondary substations
This technical article deals with the devices that make possible the interface with the primary process (e.g. cables and switchgear) in a secondary substation from a central point, like central control databases/systems that facilitate all kinds of stakeholders with data…....
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Mar 25, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Testing and Commissioning
Six system requirements of HV and EHV circuit breakers
With the phenomenal growth of the power system (EHV and HV) the duties that a circuit breaker is called upon to perform, besides the ability to handle short circuits, have become complex. Recent studies in this field have thrown much… Read more
Mar 20, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Six common bus configurations in substations up to 345 kV
This technical article explains six most common bus configurations used for distribution, transmission, or switching substations at voltages up to 345 kV. Presented single line diagrams and layouts are generalized since they depend on the type and voltage(s) of the… Read more
Mar 18, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Quality
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Practical approach in design and installation of detuned capacitor banks
During last two or three decades, the number of nonlinear electrical loads inside all types of buildings and facilities (residential, business, commercial and industrial) has been significantly increased. All that caused the need for new approaches for electrical installation and…...
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Mar 15, 2019 | By Miodrag Kokotovic
Protection
Pilot schemes for transmission line protection
Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters at all terminals of a transmission line, local and remote, and then respond according to their predetermined functions. These schemes require the use of a communications channel that may be provided through… Read more
Mar 13, 2019 | By Edvard Csanyi
