Medium Voltage
How to specify real service conditions for LV/MV equipment inside a substation
The various service conditions for the MV equipment inside substation are linked to the design of the installation, the design of the operating room, the site and the application surrounding the installation, and finally, the seasons. The combination of these… Read more
Sep 13, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Installing a submarine transmission cable, how they do it
Installing a submarine transmission cable is a costly and challenging activity. The lifetime of a submarine cable might be tens of years and the technical interventions for its repairing in case of faults are also costly and difficult. Therefore the… Read more
Sep 11, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Main circuit breaker types from 1000 V MCB to 1000 kV dead tank breaker
This technical article discusses two important circuit breaker classifications – by voltage level (from low to medium and high voltage) and secondly by technology (extinguishing method or medium that insulates the breaker contacts. Contents: Voltage levels of circuit breakers: High… Read more
Sep 06, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Connecting transmission systems with system intertie transformers
System intertie transformers connect extra high voltage (EHV) transmission systems with different voltages up to 800kV together with the purpose that active as well as reactive power can be exchanged between the systems. The power rating of such transformers may… Read more
Sep 04, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Specific capacitor installations & reactive compensation of asynchronous motors / transformers
Although in general, the calculation of the reactive power to be installed is initially carried out globally, it is advisable not to be swayed by the apparent simplicity of this process, and to look further for the optimum locations for… Read more
Aug 30, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Transmission and Distribution
The basics of primary distribution circuits (substation branches, feeders…)
Distribution circuits come in many different configurations and circuit lengths. Most share many common characteristics. Figure 1 shows a typical distribution circuit, and Table 1 shows typical parameters of a distribution circuit. A feeder is one of the circuits out… Read more
Aug 28, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Should transfer switch be equipped with contactors or circuit breakers? Manual or automatic?
Transfer switches support multiple operation modes (manual, automatic, non-automatic, bypass isolation, etc.) and feature a range of different switching mechanisms (contactors, circuit breakers). Transfer switches are used to protect critical electrical loads against loss of power. The load’s normal power… Read more
Aug 23, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The essentials of electric shock protection, earthing systems and RCDs
Protection of persons and livestock against electric shock is a fundamental principle in the design of electrical installations in accordance with BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations, commonly known as The IEE Wiring Regulations. Use of the correct earthing system… Read more
Aug 21, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Nine power generating units grouped by prime mover you should know about
Many types of power generating plants are in use and possible for the future, including steam plants fueled by coal, oil, or gas, nuclear plants, hydro plants and plants which use renewable energy. Most types of power generating units can… Read more
Aug 18, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 special applications of residual current devices (RCDs)
Normally residual current devices (RCDs) are used for protection against direct and indirect contacts. An RCD can detect low leakage currents that could flow through the body of a person. It thus provides additional protection if the normal protection means… Read more
Aug 16, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The essentials of MV/HV magnetic voltage transformers
Magnetic voltage transformers are used to provide a secondary signal that is proportional to the actual prevailing primary value. These signals are used to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other similar apparatuses. The primary values measured are system currents… Read more
Aug 14, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Ten equipment you MUST recognize in every distribution substation
Distribution substation is a substation from which electric supply is distributed to the different users. In a substation there are numbers of incoming and outgoing circuits each having its isolator, circuit breaker, transformers etc. connected to bus-bar system. These equipment… Read more
Aug 11, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
The most common methods of measuring the resistance of an earth electrode
When an earth electrode system has been designed and installed, it is usually necessary to measure and confirm the earth resistance between the electrode and “true Earth”. The most commonly used method of measuring the earth resistance of an earth… Read more
Aug 09, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Practical advice for positioning of circuit breakers inside LV switchboard
Mounting of the different mechanical and electrical components (enclosures, busbars, functional units – circuit breakers, etc.) which constitute the LV switchboard defined by the original manufacturer must be carried out in compliance with the instructions (technical catalogue/assembly instruction manual) of… Read more
Aug 07, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
MV network diagrams for feeding secondary switchboards and MV/LV transformers
Let’s take a look at the main MV network diagrams and structures used to feed secondary switchboards and MV/LV transformers. The complexity of the diagrams differs, depending on the level of power supply security required. Note that there are many… Read more
Aug 04, 2017 | By Edvard Csanyi
