Metering
A case study of 110/10 kV substation with centralized protection, automation and control system
Centralized substation protection and control has been attempted in the past based on the available technology. This evolution is now at the intersection of sensing, protection and communication technologies, providing the unique opportunity to develop a more reliable and maintainable… Read more
Dec 21, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Thumb rules for installing AC converter into metal enclosure
If the environmental conditions are likely to exceed normal working ranges of an AC converter, then arrangements should be made to provide additional cooling and/or environmental protection. The temperature limits of an AC converter are far more critical than those… Read more
Dec 19, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Protection
The basic calculation of transmission line protection
The excessive currents accompanying a fault, are the basis of overcurrent protection schemes. For transmission line protection in interconnected systems, it is necessary to provide the desired selectivity such that relay operation results in the least service interruption while isolating… Read more
Dec 16, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Six wiring and grounding problems that lead to low power quality
In this technical article, typical wiring and grounding problems, as related to power quality, are presented. Possible solutions are given for these problems as well as the possible causes for the problems being observed on the grounding system. (See Table 2 at… Read more
Dec 14, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Sizing of motors and frequency converters for a particular machine load
Manufacturers of electric motors and frequency converters have evolved various methods for quickly selecting the size of motors and frequency converters for a particular machine load. The same basic procedure is used by most applications engineers. These days, applications selections… Read more
Dec 12, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
The principles of differential protection you MUST understand
Although nowadays differential protection is achieved numerically, in order to understand the principles of differential protection it is useful to analyze the ubiquitous electromechanical relay. Figure 1 shows a simple differential protection scheme, also known as a Merz-Price scheme. In this… Read more
Dec 09, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Industrial Automation
9 rules for correct cabling of the Modbus RS485 communication systems
The cabling of the industrial communication systems (Modbus RS485) is different in some ways from the cabling used for power cabling and the electrician may experience some difficulties if he is not an expert in Modbus communication networks. A Modbus RS485 connects a… Read more
Dec 07, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Shaping and connecting rigid busbars in low voltage switchgear
The busbars constitute the real “backbone” of every low voltage switchgear. The main busbar and branch busbars supply and distribute the energy. Creating busbars generally involves machining, bending and shaping which require a high degree of expertise to avoid weakening… Read more
Dec 05, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Gas insulated substation (GIS) versus Air insulated substation (AIS)
The metal-enclosed gas insulated switchgear> inherently follows the criteria for new substation design and offers a higher reliability and flexibility than other solutions. Due to the gas enclosed design, GIS is the most suitable solution for indoor and underground substations…. Read more
Dec 02, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
What is an inductor and how it works (facts you must NEVER forget)
We have all heard the term Inductor many times, but what is it? Well, it is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field. Inductors find numerous applications in electronic and power systems. They are used in… Read more
Nov 30, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Troubleshooting dead circuit by testing continuity with disconnected supply
Dead circuit testing is testing performed with the power disconnected from the circuit. The main benefit of disconnecting power supply while tests with an external energy source are performed is to eliminate hazardous risks to the environment or the person… Read more
Nov 28, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
3 good ways to improve earth electrode resistance
When you find that your earth electrode resistance is not low enough, there are several ways you can improve it: Lengthen the earth electrode in the earth Use multiple rods Treat the soil As you might suspect, driving a longer… Read more
Nov 25, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
5 transformer fault conditions and how to protect from them
A number of transformer fault conditions can arise practically in any time following some special situations. These include the following five most common internal faults and few external: earth faults, core faults, interturn faults, tank faults, and external factors. Table… Read more
Nov 23, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Protection from fault current by automatic power supply disconnection
The use of protective conductors linking all the exposed conductive parts of all equipment creates a circuit called the “fault loop” designed for circulation of the fault current that arises following an insulation fault. The fault current may or may… Read more
Nov 21, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Traditional Star-Delta motor starting method used in practice
Due to their simplicity, robustness and cost-effectiveness, squirrel cage motors are the preferred choice of industry. During start-up, they develop currents of up to approximately 8 times the rated current and the high starting torque linked to this. The high… Read more
Nov 18, 2016 | By Edvard Csanyi
