Energy and Power
Overvoltages Caused by Lightning
Overvoltages of atmospheric origin arise from uncontrollable sources and their severity for the load depends on many parameters that are determined according to where the lightning strikes and the structure of the electrical network. The impact of lightning on a… Read more
Apr 26, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy
Network planning Power electronics (HVDC/FACTS) Bulk renewable integration Energy Management System (EMS) Smart substation automation and protection Integrated Substation Condition Monitoring (ISCM) Communication Solutions Distribution Management System (DMS) Distribution automation and protection Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Decentralized Energy Management System… Read more
Apr 24, 2013 | By Emmanouil Angeladas
SCADA
3 generations of SCADA system architectures you should know about
SCADA systems have evolved in parallel with the growth and sophistication of modern computing technology. The following sections will provide a description of the following three generations of SCADA systems: First Generation – Monolithic Second Generation – Distributed Third Generation – Networked… Read more
Apr 22, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
High Voltage
Conductor Types Used For Overhead Lines
The international standards covering most conductor types for overhead lines are IEC 61089 (which supersedes IEC 207, 208, 209 and 210) and EN 50182 and 50183 (see Table 1). For 36 kV transmission and above both aluminium conductor steel reinforced… Read more
Apr 20, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Using AC switchgear in DC applications
Switchgear designed for alternating current can carry at least the same rated continuous operational DC current. With direct current the skin effect in the circuits disappears and none of the specific effects associated with alternating currents such as hysteresis or… Read more
Apr 19, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Lighting
Visual Tasks of Typical Living Room Lighting
Most living rooms require flexible lighting design solutions because they serve a broad variety of changing functions. The lighting in a typical living room should comfortably serve small group conversation, larger social gatherings that include casual eating and drinking, and… Read more
Apr 17, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
What happened to forgotten papers of Nikola Tesla?
After Nikola Tesla died, there was a scramble by the United States government to find all of his papers, notes and research before other foreign powers could find them. Tesla’s nephew, Sava Kosanovic, reported that before the OAP had arrived,… Read more
Apr 15, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Why we find wind energy delivery factor important?
The key economic performance measure of a power plant is the electrical energy it delivers over the year. Not all power produced is delivered to the paying customers. A fraction of it is used internally to power the control equipment,… Read more
Apr 13, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Grounding systems and their 3-letter classification
Low voltage systems supplying to consumer premises are predominantly solidly grounded. Protective ground connection to consumer premises (or extending the supply system ground to consumer premises) is however done in different ways. The common system categories are defined below using a 3-letter… Read more
Apr 12, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
An overview of GFCI – Ground-fault circuit interrupter
The NEC requires that Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) be installed in many different rooms and locations in both public and private buildings. They are now required in bathrooms, kitchens, appliance rooms or spaces, and garages. In addition, they are required… Read more
Apr 10, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Responding to Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
Continued from technical article: Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System The “three R’s” of the response to cyber intrusion are: Recording, Reporting, and Restoring. Theoretically, it would be desirable to record all data communications into and out of all substation… Read more
Apr 08, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
One of the axioms of cyber security is that although it is extremely important to try to prevent intrusions into one’s systems and databases, it is essential that intrusions be detected if they do occur. One of the axioms of… Read more
Apr 06, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
How to Determine Correct Number of Earthing Electrodes (Strips, Plates and Pipes) – part 1
Earthing Resistance and the number of earthing electrodes are both dependent on the resistivity of the soil as well as the amount of time it takes for fault current to pass through (one second or three seconds). The number of… Read more
Apr 05, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Industrial Automation
Benefits and Potential Drawbacks of VSDs
VSDs (Variable Speed Drives) offer several benefits, some of which are relatively easy to quantify, and others of which are less tangible, but there are some potential drawbacks, which must be avoided. With rotodynamic pump installations, savings of between 30%… Read more
Apr 03, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Active fire protection measures in power substation
Active fire protection measures are automatic fire protection measures that warn occupants of the existence of fire, and extinguish or control the fire. These measures are designed to automatically extinguish or control a fire at its earliest stage, without risking… Read more
Apr 01, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
