Energy and Power
An overview of GFCI – Ground-fault circuit interrupter
The NEC requires that Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) be installed in many different rooms and locations in both public and private buildings. They are now required in bathrooms, kitchens, appliance rooms or spaces, and garages. In addition, they are required… Read more
Apr 10, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Responding to Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
Continued from technical article: Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System The “three R’s” of the response to cyber intrusion are: Recording, Reporting, and Restoring. Theoretically, it would be desirable to record all data communications into and out of all substation… Read more
Apr 08, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Detecting Cyber Intrusion in SCADA System
One of the axioms of cyber security is that although it is extremely important to try to prevent intrusions into one’s systems and databases, it is essential that intrusions be detected if they do occur. One of the axioms of… Read more
Apr 06, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
How to Determine Correct Number of Earthing Electrodes (Strips, Plates and Pipes) – part 1
Earthing Resistance and the number of earthing electrodes are both dependent on the resistivity of the soil as well as the amount of time it takes for fault current to pass through (one second or three seconds). The number of… Read more
Apr 05, 2013 | By Jignesh Parmar
Industrial Automation
Benefits and Potential Drawbacks of VSDs
VSDs (Variable Speed Drives) offer several benefits, some of which are relatively easy to quantify, and others of which are less tangible, but there are some potential drawbacks, which must be avoided. With rotodynamic pump installations, savings of between 30%… Read more
Apr 03, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Power Substation
Active fire protection measures in power substation
Active fire protection measures are automatic fire protection measures that warn occupants of the existence of fire, and extinguish or control the fire. These measures are designed to automatically extinguish or control a fire at its earliest stage, without risking… Read more
Apr 01, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Wind Power
Wind Energy End-Use Applications
Wind energy markets can be classified based on the end-use application of the technology. Wind energy projects are common for off-grid applications. However, the largest market potential for wind energy projects is with on-grid (or grid-connected) applications. Historically, wind energy… Read more
Mar 30, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
How to determine motor torque and speed requirements
The desired speed range may be difficult to achieve depending on the type of application. In general, depending on motor size and load type, very wide ranges may require a special motor. Operation at very low speeds, requiring the motor… Read more
Mar 29, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Preparing to synchronize a generator to the grid
Synchronizing the generator to the grid can be tricky if you don’t know what you’re doing. But let’s start from the beginning. A device that transforms mechanical power from a prime mover into AC electric power at a particular voltage… Read more
Mar 27, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Induction motor startup and losses calculation
The main objectives while starting an induction motor are: To handle high-starting current To achieve high-starting torque. As we know, rotor resistance determines starting torque. Usually, this rotor resistance is small, giving small starting torque, but good running conditions. So, the squirrel-cage motor… Read more
Mar 25, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Lighting
Hospitality lighting design, Why it matters
The hospitality business involves serving people and giving them enjoyment. From restaurants to hotels, resorts, and even theme parks, facilities are designed with the intent of transporting guests from the world of the ordinary to a special time and place…. Read more
Mar 23, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Energy and Power
Lightning Protection System – Germany Regulations
The purpose of a lightning protection system is to protect buildings from direct lightning strikes and possible fire, or from the consequences of the load-independent active lightning current (non-igniting flash of lightning). If national regulations, e.g. building regulations, special regulations… Read more
Mar 22, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electrical Lectures
The Rheostat In Few Simple Words
A variable resistor can be made from a wirewound element, rather than a solid strip of material. This is called a rheostat. A rheostat can have either a rotary control or a sliding control. This depends on whether the nichrome… Read more
Mar 20, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Starting Motor With Auto-transformer
An auto-transformer starter makes it possible to start squirrel-cage induction motors with reduced starting current, as the voltage across the motor is reduced during starting. In contrast to the star-delta connection, only three motor leads and terminals are required. On… Read more
Mar 18, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
Electric Motor
Torque Of Three-Phase Induction Motor Explained
The rotating force that a motor develops is called torque. Due to the physical laws of inertia, where a body at rest tends to remain at rest, the amount of torque necessary to start a load (starting torque) is always much greater than… Read more
Mar 16, 2013 | By Edvard Csanyi
